2020 Dreams: Toward a New Understanding of the Dreaming-Waking Continuum

Mušič, Maja Gutman and Kelly Bulkeley, with Sheldon Juncker, Dan Kennedy, Gez Quinn, and Jennifer Marie Lane

Stanford University Press

Documentation

2020 Dreams, By Maja Gutman Mušič and Kelly Bulkeley, with Sheldon Juncker, Dan Kennedy, Gez Quinn, and Jennifer Marie Lane

The following documents the original digital publication 2020 Dreams: Toward a New Understanding of the Dreaming-Waking Continuum by Maja Gutman Mušič and Kelly Bulkeley, with Sheldon Juncker, Dan Kennedy, Gez Quinn, and Jennifer Marie Lane (Stanford University Press, 2023). DOI: 10.21627/20232d ISBN: 9781503629165

Download video transcript.

Overview

2020 Dreams: Toward a New Understanding of the Dreaming-Waking Continuum is an interactive digital project that illuminates the dramatic and epochal events in the year of 2020, as witnessed from the vantage of collective dreaming and shared global news.

Using innovative tools of digital analysis, 2020 Dreams follows the 2000+ dreams of ten avid dreamers and interweaves the data presented in their journals with thousands of survey responses gathered over the course of the year and over 15,000 trusted news reports obtained through The Associated Press. As a result, the study examined more than 22 million comparisons between dreams and news articles to gain a deeper understanding of the semantic connections between waking experiences and dreams.

Integrating natural language processing tools and close human reading with data visualization, 2020 Dreams advances a new era of improved dream research methodology, and invites a wider range of people to participate in the field of dream analysis as they navigate their way through the digital dreamscape. The research is based on linguistic, philosophical, semiotic, and statistical frameworks, and it draws on recent advances in data science to demonstrate that dreams have meaningful psychological structures.

During the course of conceptualizing and writing this publication, the authors developed philosophical reflections on mass digitization and the rising phenomenon of human-machine interaction. Consequently, 2020 Dreams aims to provide a transdisciplinary research framework for future research in dream studies that work synergistically toward a complementary use of human and machine intelligence.

The project was originally published November 2023 at https://2020dreams.org. It is the fourteenth publication of Stanford University Press’s initiative for the publication of interactive scholarly works funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. A web archive of this project can be accessed via the Archive link on the project’s cover page at https://2020dreams.org/ or downloaded from the Stanford Digital Repository collection at https://purl.stanford.edu/yh739tk2490.

Technical Requirements

At the time of publication, reading this project requires an internet connection and is best experienced via any active JavaScript-enabled browser. Current browsers at time of publication include Safari 16.6, Chrome 114, Firefox 115, Microsoft Edge 114, Opera 100, and other contemporary browsers. The interactive visualizations might perform better on a nonmobile, desktop-sized screen.

Technical Specifications

The published version of the project relies on the Scalar 2.6.6 platform run in a LAMP server environment running Cloudlinux 7.8 and PHP 8. Custom CSS styles, fonts, and scripts have been added to the root directory (filenames and pathway noted below).

To rebuild the Scalar publication, a user may import the project data file in the SDR collection to an empty Scalar 2.6.6 application. The additional custom files should be added to the root directory as indicated in the Technical Structure and Installation section, and the configurations also provided there should be applied in the Scalar dashboard.

User Experience

Figure 1

After clicking the Enter button on the cover page at https://2020dreams.org/ (see fig. 1), the visitor will arrive at the Table of Contents (see fig. 2) and find seven main sections: Introduction, Continuities, Reflections, Methodology, Conclusions, Works Cited, and Appendices and Repositories.

screenshot of visual table of contents zoomed in to show only 'Introduction' and 'Continuities. The backgrounds of these section titles are a gate flanked by two golden trees, and a green-tinted hourglass, respectively

Figure 2

Each section is color-coded for clarity and features an opening image (see fig. 3). As the visitor progresses through sections, the images are replaced with their respective colors to indicate the reader's present position.

screenshot of visual table of contents zoomed out to show all section headings with their backgounds: 'Introduction' with a gate flanked by two golden trees; 'Continuities' with a green-tinted hourglass; 'Reflections' with a blue tinted shell that is also reflected in a pool of water it sits at the edge of; 'Methodology' with a magnifying glass showing in its lens red veins; 'Conclusions' with a purple tinted stormy sky; 'Works Cited' with two old fashioned silver pointed fountain pens; 'Appendices and Repositories' with black and white open treasure box

Figure 3

The research tests two main hypotheses: 1) dreams offer meaningful reflections of both personal concerns and broader collective realities, and have meaningful psychological structures; and 2) dreams actively respond to collective concerns and create adaptive ways, particularly in times of widespread crisis and mass trauma.

In addition to the central theme, 2020 Dreams intertwines computational intelligence with philosophical reflections on contemporary issues like mass digitization, artificial intelligence, and human-machine interaction. The project seeks to establish a transdisciplinary framework for future dream studies, leveraging both human and machine intelligence to explore the multimodal nature of dreams.

Project Architecture and Navigation

2020 Dreams offers two navigation approaches. The primary method, akin to traditional book navigation, follows a linear path (see fig. 4).

screenshot of the expandable table of contents, showing the first level contents in one pane, a second pane showing the subcontents for the main section 'Continuities,' and a third pane showing the sub-sub-contents for the subsection 'Dreamer Word Search Findings'

Figure 4

The reader can also click the eye icon in the upper left of any page to follow the sections clockwise, as seen in figure 5. These paths represent a suggested, unidirectional reading designed to lead the visitors according to the authors' proposed thread. The Table of Contents also demonstrates this method of reading.

screenshot of Introduction page with eye icon toggled on to show the radial contents menu. In this menu, the Introduction icon is highlighted in gold while the other section icons are black and white

Figure 5

The second method, multidirectional, allows for modular exploration, enabling visitors to visually investigate the dense network of relationships, visualizations, empirical results, and tagging systems. There are several options for visual exploration. For example, the visitor can explore the structure of the monograph using radial visualization by clicking the compass icon in the upper left and selecting options from the Visualizations menu (see figs. 6 and 7).

screenshot of the Scalar dropdown offering options for 'Recent,' 'Lenses,' 'Visualizations,' and 'Scalar.' Visualizations is selected so that a second pane appears to the right showing options for 'Current,' 'Connections, 'Radial,' 'Path,' 'Tag,' and 'Word Cloud'

Figure 6

screenshot of radial connection graph shwoing relationship between part of the project

Figure 7

The visitor will soon notice that the deeper exploration of themes, particularly data visualization, requires more accurate spatial orientation. To address the navigation complexity with optimal efficiency, we have developed a map that illustrates the project's primary sections along with their respective chapters or pages (see left side of figure 8).

Figure 8

The Content

The project examines the events of 2020 through thousands of dreams and news reports. It analyzes semantic similarities by evaluating over 25 million comparisons between dream and news texts. There are several approaches to examining these connections. The authors define them as Continuities (see fig. 9) as they represent the backbone of the project's empirical component.

screenshot of Continuities page with eye icon toggled on to show the radial contents menu. In this menu, the Continuities icon is highlighted in green while the other section icons are black and white

Figure 9

The best way to explore the results is by using multilinear navigational paths and interactive data visualizations. For example, the visitor might want to start with the Introduction to the Results section, where they can explore a top-down view of semantic similarities simply by clicking on any color-coded bubble that represents the dreamer (see fig. 10). The visitor can explore these semantic correlations on a group or individual level. In addition, the chart allows them to explore and compare how the time difference between the occurred dream and the published news affected the semantic similarity.

graph with vertical axis labeled 'Similarity' and horizontal access labeled with date incerements ranging from -360 tp +360 days. The field contains many overlapping bubbles of different colors and sizes. Below the graph are check boxes to deselct certain bubbles associated with particular names of dreamers. All are selected

Figure 10

For instance, the selected dream-news pair in Figure 11 indicates that Bob had pandemic-related dreams 51 days before the news article addressed the same topic. The curious reader can closely examine the dream's content on the left side and compare it to the news on the right by clicking on any bubble in the chart.

the same bubble graph as above but this time with overlay where a bubble has been selsected. The overlay contains names of categories and below is a side-by-side comparison of dream journal text and news summary

Figure 11

Dreamer Word Search Findings provides another way to explore the dream content of individual dreamers. In the radar charts, the visitor can explore to what degree the individual dreams differ from the statistical baselines (see fig. 12). The baselines are pre-calculated statistical values based on Bulkelely's pioneering research on the Sleep and Dream database (available at the time of this publication at https://sleepanddreamdatabase.org/). The radar charts were developed for eight categories commonly appearing in dreams, such as perception, emotion, characters, cognition, and so on. The visitor can compare female and male baselines to any of the ten dreamers by navigating through radar charts.

eight individual radar charts, each for a different topic with the following labels: perception, emotion, characters, social interactions, movement, cognition, culture, and elements. At the top male baseline and female baseline are selected; the individual dreamers are unselected

Figure 12

The reader can also learn about the authors' analysis, which utilized a close reading technique. The findings are discussed in the Dreamer Correlations chapters (see fig. 13). The authors studied a representative sample of individual dreams using a close reading or human reading method. Their perspectives have been influenced by their backgrounds in theoretical psychoanalysis, anthropology, psychology of religion, cultural studies, sociology, and media studies.

screenshot of the Dreamer Correlations page

Figure 13

Main Findings Using the Explicit Semantic Analysis Method

The first chart represents the monthly and weekly distribution of dream-news pairs according to semantic similarity (see fig. 14). One of the most intriguing observations can be seen in the October dreams vs. April news bubble, which shows a relatively high degree of similarity, irrespective of the fact that the dreams and the news were six months apart.

a graph with vertical axis labeled 'Similarity' and horizontal axid labeled 'Dream-news time difference.' At each horizontal interval of time is a vertical stack of dots. At the top 'months' is selected and 'weeks' is deselected

Figure 14

The weekly distribution of dream-news correlation reveals a moderate and steady increase in semantic similarity over time (see fig. 15). By clicking each column, the visitor can examine selected samples of high, indicative, low, and indiscernible semantic similarity between dreams and news.

a graph with vertical axis labeled 'Similarity' and horizontal axid labeled 'Dream-news time difference.' At each horizontal interval of time is a bar. The horizontal increments indicate weeks

Figure 15

The next chart represents the monthly distribution of four semantic similarity categories (see fig. 16). The highest average similarity scores can be observed in March, April, and May, the most significant months that marked the beginning of the pandemic breakout in the United States.

a graph with vertical axis labeled 'Similarity' and horizontal axis labeled 'Months of 2020.' At each monthy increment is a bar

Figure 16

The last chart, master visualization, represents a macro view of dreams and news reports similarities for each day of the year (see fig. 17). The daily number of dream-news comparisons is utilized for calculating the average daily similarity values. Here is the principal finding of the study: based on the available data, the modest but constant growth of the curve may imply that the semantic similarity between dream reports and news becomes more pronounced over time.

a graph with vertical axis labeled 'Similarity' and horizontal axis labeled 'Dream-news difference.' Each horizontal increment is labeled with a 10-day increment from -170 days to +170 days

Figure 17

Reflections

This section offers theoretical and philosophical frameworks on dreaming and waking reality, along with critical approaches to mediated and digital reality. The second part is dedicated to human-machine anthropology and the rise of digital technology while exploring the inseparable aspects of the human and machine (see fig. 18). The section also reflects on cognitive technologies and how they have dramatically extended and externalized human consciousness.

screenshot of Humans, Dreams, and Machines page

Figure 18

Methodology

2020 Dreams is built on two methodological approaches. The first is dreamer word search (see fig. 19), derived from the Sleep and Dream Database, which allows users to choose among forty categories of words organized into eight classes of dream content, as demonstrated earlier in radar charts (see fig. 12).

Figure 19

The second part of the methodology is based on Explicit Semantic Analysis, originally developed by Gabrilovich and Markovich. For our study, we further adapted and developed their method. Explicit Semantic Analysis is a method of representing texts using a system of vectors, and a document corpus used as an explicit source of real world knowledge. The document corpus standardly used in this method is Wikipedia, which is a comprehensive and open-source repository of categorized world knowledge (see fig. 20).

screenshot of a media page showing the image titled Wikipedia Procesing Pipeline and its metadata

Figure 20

The method of analyzing textual similarity using explicit encyclopedic information has been shown to have higher accuracy than other NLP tools and was thus used to compare news articles and dream reports (see fig. 21).

screenshot of project page featuring an inline image which contains multiple sub-images, all graphic representations of data

Figure 21

Conclusions

The final section, Conclusions, consists of a general overview of results (see fig. 22). It also analyzes the rapid expansion of psychological digital repositories, which inevitably leads to data ownership and data management concerns. The final chapter of this section offers some insights into the future of dream research and science (see fig. 23).

Figure 22

screenshot of the 'Future of Dream Research and Science' page containing only text

Figure 23

Works Cited

Theis section comprises a comprehensive list of references used in this project (see fig. 24).

Figure 24

Appendices and Repositories

The Appendices and Repositories section includes the code repositories, datasets, and a glossary of main concepts used in the study (see fig. 25).

Figure 25

Technical Structure and Installation

The project is built within Scalar, a content management system that automatically generates URLs that match the author-defined page or media title. What appears in the address bar reflects this naming structure for the titles of those pages or objects. However, the content is not stored as separate html units but is compiled as an RDF-XML/JSON file. To deploy the project from the files in the SDR collection, first install Scalar (https://github.com/anvc/scalar) on a LAMP server. Once you have installed Scalar on your server you may create a new book using the JSON file and additional customization files in the collection and the following Scalar Dashboard configurations:

Basics

Title: 2020 Dreams
Subtitle: Toward a New Understanding of the Dreaming-Waking Continuum
Description: [blank]
URI segment: 2d
Table of Contents:

Contents
Introduction
Continuities
Reflections
Methodology
Conclusions
Works Cited
Appendices and Repositories
Credit

Style

Interface: Scalar 2
Navigation: No
Background image: [none]
Thumbnail image: [none]

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              title: "Visualization 2 (Weekly Bar Chart)",
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              title: "Visualization 3 (Monthly Bar Chart)",
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              title: "Visualization 4 (Area)",
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              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/election-survey",
              children: [],
            },
          ],
        },
      ],
    },
    {
      title: "Conclusions",
      theme: "#6D4F8C",
      backgroundImage:
        "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/media/conclusions_sml.png",
      url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/conclusions",
      children: [
        {
          title: "Overview of Final Results",
          titleLine1: "Overview of",
          titleLine2: "Final Results",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/overview-of-final-results",
          children: [],
        },
        {
          title: "The Mindful Approach to Dream Data",
          titleLine1: "The Mindful Approach",
          titleLine2: "to Dream Data",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/the-mindful-approach-to-dream-data",
          children: [
            {
              title: "Proprietary Dreams?",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/proprietary-dreams",
              children: [],
            },
          ],
        },
        {
          title: "Amplified Experience of Immersive Technologies",
          titleLine1: "Amplified Experience",
          titleLine2: "of Immersive Technologies",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/amplified-experience-of-immersive-technologies",
          children: [
            {
              title: "Dreams in Virtual Environments: Experimental Findings",
              titleLine1: "Dreams in Virtual Environments:",
              titleLine2: "Experimental Findings",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/dive-ef",
              children: [],
            },
          ],
        },
        {
          title: "The Future of Dream Research and Science",
          titleLine1: "The Future of Dream",
          titleLine2: "Research and Science",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/the-future-of-dream-research-and-science",
          children: [],
        },
        {
          title: "Acknowledgements",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/acknowledgements",
          children: [],
        },
      ],
    },
    {
      title: "Works Cited",
      theme: "#595959",
      backgroundImage:
        "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/media/works_cited_new_sml.png",
      url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/works-cited",
      children: [],
    },
    {
      title: "Appendices and Repositories",
      titleLine1: "Appendices",
      titleLine2: "and Repositories",
      theme: "#A6A6A6",
      backgroundImage:
        "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/media/appendices_and_repositories_sml.png",
      url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/appendices-and-repositories",
      children: [
        {
          title: "Glossary of Concepts and Terms",
          titleLine1: "Glossary of ",
          titleLine2: "Concepts and Terms",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/glossary-of-concepts-and-terms",
          children: [
            {
              title: "Archetype",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/archetype",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Big Dream",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/big-dream",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Bricolage",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/bricolage",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Collective Unconscious",
              titleLine1: "Collective",
              titleLine2: "Unconscious",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/collective-unconscious",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Compensation Theory of Dreaming",
              titleLine1: "Compensation Theory",
              titleLine2: "of Dreaming",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/compensation-theory-of-dreaming",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Continuity Hypothesis",
              titleLine1: "Continuity",
              titleLine2: "Hypothesis",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/continuity-hypothesis",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Dream Content Analysis",
              titleLine1: "Dream",
              titleLine2: "Content Analysis",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/dream-content-analysis",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Human-Machine Systems",
              titleLine1: "Human-Machine",
              titleLine2: "Systems",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/human-machine-systems",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Immersiveness, Immersion",
              titleLine1: "Immersiveness,",
              titleLine2: "Immersion",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/immersiveness-immersion",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Mediated Reality, Media Representations",
              titleLine1: "Mediated",
              titleLine2: "Reality, Media",
              titleLine3: "Representations",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/mediated-reality-media-representations",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "The Threat Simulation Hypothesis",
              titleLine1: "The Threat ",
              titleLine2: "Simulation",
              titleLine3: "Hypothesis",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/the-threat-simulation-hypothesis",
              children: [],
            },
            {
              title: "Unconscious Mind",
              titleLine1: "Unconscious",
              titleLine2: "Mind",
              url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/unconscious-mind",
              children: [],
            },
          ],
        },
        {
          title: "Code Repositories and Datasets",
          url: "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d/code-repositories-and-datasets",
          children: [],
        },
      ],
    },
  ],
}

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  $('body').on('pageLoadComplete',function() {
    $('body').find('> footer, #footer').remove();
    $('body').append('<footer><div><div>©2023 Stanford University | <a href="http://2020dreams.org/tou/index.html" title="Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></div><div>ISBN 9781503629165  |  DOI 10.21627/20232d  |  OCLC <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1402180307" target="_blank">1402180307</a></div><div>Published by <a href="https://www.sup.org" title="Visit SUP">Stanford University Press</a></div></div></footer>');
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Publisher

Scope: Book
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Publisher logo: [blank]

The database structure is defined by the open-source Scalar platform, and the scripts that render the content draw it from the RDF data contained in the SDR collection’s “Scalar Export.” This data constitutes the content and relationships between 134 unique URL pages and 102 URLs associated with media, including static images and data files.

To finish reconstructing the project after configuring the Scalar installation as noted above, you would need to download the following files (names in bold) from the SDR collection and place them in the appropriate directories, some of which would need to be created in the public_html (~) folder on the server, indicated below:

~/custom/[extract custom.zip]
~/fonts/[extract fonts.zip]
~/footer/[extract footer.zip]
~/2d/media/[extract media.tar folder so all files sit directly in this single media directory; the 2d directory will already exist if you have created a new book using the configuration above]

To ensure media are loaded and matched to the new project URL, first copy the “media” folder contents into the empty “media” directory in the new book’s server environment as indicated above. Next, use the following scripts in the new book’s database in phpMyAdmin:


1.	SET @book_id = <the new book ID integer, found by looking for the book_id field in the HTML of any page>;
2.	SET @old_url = "https://2020dreams.supdigital.org/2d";
3.	SET @new_url = "http://url/of/the/new/book";
4.	--
5.	UPDATE
6.	scalar_db_versions
7.	INNER JOIN
8.	scalar_db_content ON scalar_db_versions.content_id = scalar_db_content.content_id AND scalar_db_content.book_id = @book_id
9.	SET
10.	scalar_db_versions.url = REPLACE(scalar_db_versions.url, @old_url, @new_url),
11.	scalar_db_versions.content = REPLACE(scalar_db_versions.content, @old_url, @new_url);
12.	--
13.	UPDATE
14.	scalar_db_content
15.	SET
16.	scalar_db_content.background = REPLACE(scalar_db_content.background, @old_url, @new_url),
17.	scalar_db_content.banner = REPLACE(scalar_db_content.banner, @old_url, @new_url),
18.	scalar_db_content.thumbnail = REPLACE(scalar_db_content.thumbnail, @old_url, @new_url)
19.	WHERE
20.	scalar_db_content.book_id = @book_id;

Credits

Authors: Maja Gutman Mušič and Kelly Bulkeley, with Sheldon Juncker, Daniel Kennedy, Gez Quinn, and Jennifer Marie Lane

MAJA GUTMAN MUŠIČ (MGM)

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
INTRODUCTION: 5. How to Navigate the Project	Conceptualizing / Writing.
INTRODUCTION: 4. The Four Hypotheses	Cowritten with KB
CONTINUITIES: 1. Introduction to the Results; 2,199 Dream Reports (cowritten with Sheldon Juncker);	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 3. The News Reports (The Associated Press); The Role of Associated Press; A Note on Objective Reporting	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 6. Dreamer Correlations: Ana; Bob; Edward; Freya; Mary; Melvin; Phoenix; Rose; Tita; Vera	Cowritten with KB
CONTINUITIES: 7. Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 7. Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings: Visualization 1; Visualization 2; Visualization 3; Visualization 4; Summary of Initial Findings and Further Research	Cowritten with KB, SJ and DK / Conceptualization of Visualization 2 and Visualization 3 -- the Bar Charts (Weekly, Monthly)
CONTINUITIES: 9. Dream Reports from the Surveys	KB and MGM
REFLECTIONS: 1. Theoretical Foundations: Oneiric Realities; The Permeable Boundaries: Dreaming and Waking Reality; Mediated Realities; A Note on Critical Theory and Media Effects; News as Stories, Dreams as Bricolage	Conceptualizing / Writing.
REFLECTIONS: 2. Humans, Dreams, and Machines: Why Study Dreams?; How are Dreams Different from Cultural Data?; Fundamentally Human: Patterns and Narratives; Saussurean Model of the Sign; Semantic Relatedness; Contextuality and Reasoning; Language and the Construction of Reality; Human-Machine Systems and Symbiotic Reasoning; Sticks, Stones, Machines, and Simulations; A Word about the Structure; Two Disciplines of Thinking	Conceptualizing / Writing.
METHODOLOGY: Explicit Semantic Analysis -- 1. A Real World Example	Conceptualizing
METHODOLOGY: Explicit Semantic Analysis -- 2. The Wikipedia Corpus; 3. The Input Texts; 4. Validation and Results; 5. Fine-Tuning and Reproducibility	Editing / supervising; developed the cross-comparison principle on the conceptual level, the rest was codeveloped by SJ.
METHODOLOGY: Explicit Semantic Analysis -- 6. Defining the ranges for semantic similarity	Conceptualizing / Cowritten with SJ.
CONCLUSIONS: 1. Overview of Final Results	Cowritten with KB
CONCLUSIONS: 2. The Mindful Approach to Dream Data; Proprietary Dreams?; 3. Amplified Experience of Immersive Technologies; Dreams in Virtual Environments: Experimental Findings; 4. The Future of Dream Research and Science	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONCLUSIONS: 3. Amplified Experience of Immersive Technologies; Dreams in Virtual Environments: Experimental Findings	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONCLUSIONS: 4. The Future of Dream Research and Science	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONCLUSIONS: 5. Acknowledgements	Cowritten with KB
WORKS CITED	Literature selection, Compiling.
APPENDICES AND REPOSITORIES; 2. Glossary of Concepts and Terms	Writing
SPATIAL NAVIGATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT	Map conceptualization, overall project spatial architecture
ASSOCIATED PRESS	Data acquisition
OVERALL PROJECT REVISION	Response to reviewers, manuscript revisions
VISUAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF KEY IMAGES	Cocreated with Midjourney

KELLY BULKELEY (KB)

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
INTRODUCTION: 1. Origins of the Project; 2. The Participants; 3. Limits of the Project	Conceptualizing / Writing.
INTRODUCTION: 4. The Four Hypotheses	Cowritten with MGM.
CONTINUITIES: 2. The Individual Dream Journals; Who are the Dreamers?; Ana; Bob; Edward; Freya; Mary; Melvin; Phoenix; Rose; Tita; Vera	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 5. Dreamer Word Search Findings -- Ana; Bob; Edward; Freya; Mary; Melvin; Phoenix; Rose; Tita; Vera	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 6. Dreamer Correlations -- Ana; Bob; Edward; Freya; Mary; Melvin; Phoenix; Rose; Tita; Vera	Cowritten with MGM.
CONTINUITIES: 8. Demographic Surveys (Surveys 1-4)	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONTINUITIES: 9. Dream Reports from the Surveys	KB and MGM.
CONTINUITIES: Visualization 1; Visualization 2; Visualization 3; Visualization 4; Summary of Initial Findings and Further Research	Cowritten with MGM, SJ, and DK.
METHODOLOGY: 1. Dreamer Word Search	Conceptualizing / Writing.
METHODOLOGY: 3. Demographic Surveys; Survey 1: The Beginning of the Pandemic; Survey 2: One Month into the Pandemic; Survey 3: Racial Justice Protests; Survey 4: The US Presidential Election	Conceptualizing / Writing.
CONCLUSIONS: 5. Acknowledgements	Cowritten with MGM.
STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT	Overall project spatial architecture.
DREAM REPORTS AND SURVEYS	Data acquisition.
OVERALL PROJECT REVISION	Response to reviewers, manuscript revisions.

SHELDON JUNCKER (SJ)

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
CONTINUITIES: 1. Introduction to the Results	Conceptualization of Data Visualization with DK and GQ.
CONTINUITIES: 1. 2,199 Dream Reports	Cowritten with MGM.
CONTINUITIES: The News Reports (The Associated Press)	Editing / Data processing / Statistics
CONTINUITIES: Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings	Cowritten with MGM, KB, SJ, and DK / Conceptualization of Visualization with DK and GQ.
CONTINUITIES: Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings -- Visualization 1, Visualization 2, Visualization 3	Performing data processing and statistics / Conceptualization of data visualization with DK, GQ, MGM (MGM only on viz 2 and 3); viz 1 and 5 designed by SJ, DK, and GQ.
CONTINUITIES: Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings -- Visualization 4	Data processing / Statistics; Data viz with DK, GQ. Concept and text with KB, MGM, and DK.
CONTINUITIES: Explicit Semantic Analysis Findings -- Summary of Initial Findings and Further Research	Conceptualized and written with KB, MGM, and DK.
METHODOLOGY: Explicit Semantic Analysis -- 1. A Real World Example; 2. The Wikipedia Corpus; 3. The Input Texts; 4. Validation and Results; 5. Fine-Tuning and Reproducibility	Writer; Conceptualized with MGM and DK.
METHODOLOGY: Explicit Semantic Analysis -- 6. Defining the Ranges for Semantic Similarity	Cowritten with MGM.
APPENDICES & REPOSITORIES: Code Repositories and Datasets	Writer.
EXPLICIT SEMANTIC ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTATION	Conceptualization / Code writing / Data analysis.
DREAM REPORTS AND SURVEYS	Data collection / Data processing.
NEWS REPORTS	Data processing / Statistics.
CHARTS / STATISTICS	Conceptualization with DK and GQ.
PROJECT METHODOLOGY - EXPLICIT SEMANTIC ANALYSIS	Adaptation and further development of ESA: ESA methodology was used to conduct a cross-comparison of news articles and dream reports. Due to the fact that both data streams (news articles and dream reports) had specific quality and quantity requirements, the ESA tool had to be modified. The modification of the tool was conducted by Sheldon Juncker, Daniel Kennedy and Gez Quinn.
PROJECT STRUCTURE AND WRITING	Provided general feedback with DK and GQ on the following sections: Introduction, Continuities, Methodology and Overview of Final Results.

DANIEL KENNEDY (DK)

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
All pages with charts / graphs	Programming and design for charts. Ideation for which aspects of the data to visualize and how, as well as feedback on how to interpret the results.

GEZ QUINN (GQ)

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
2020 Calendar	Programming / Design
General final look and feel of pages	Design
Conceptualization of the cover; Customization of Contents page and bubble-nav	Programming / Design
Creation of digital figures: Cross Comparison Model, Wikipedia Processing Pipeline, ESA Tool Diagram	Creating / Design
Collation and centralization of dream/news data into a shareable format	Methodology Implementation
ESA Methodology	Consultation
Uploading of pages and feedback on project navigation
General feedback and editing

JENNIFER MARIE LANE

PATHS / PAGES	ROLE
Data gathering from seven of the dream journal keepers; managing their process from late 2019 until the present; taking notes during interviews, gathering biographical data, summarizing large collections of information.

Works Cited/Bibliography

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Adorno, T. (2002). The culture industry: Selected essays on mass culture. Routledge.

Adorno, T. W., & Rabinbach, A. G. (1975). Culture industry reconsidered. New German Critique, 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.2307/487650.

Althusser, L. (2014). On the reproduction of capitalism. National Geographic Books.

Altszyler, E., Ribeiro, S., Sigman, M., & Fernández Slezak, D. (2017). The interpretation of dream meaning: Resolving ambiguity using Latent Semantic Analysis in a small corpus of text. Consciousness and Cognition, 56, 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.004.

Associated Press. (n.d.). About Us | AP. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.ap.org/about/.

Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and simulation. University of Michigan Press.

Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of social media use with social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health: Disentangling routine use from emotional connection to use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl)), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768.

Beradt, C. (1972). The Third Reich of dreams. Crown.

Bernays, E. (1928). Propaganda. Horace Liveright.

Bernays, E. L. (1955). The engineering of consent. University of Oklahoma Press.

Blumler, J., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communication: Current perspectives on gratification research. Sage.

Bosker, B. (2011, May 25). Facebook, Google giving us information junk food? HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eli-pariser-facebook-google-ted_n_832198.

Bryant, J. (2012). Fundamentals of media effects. Waveland Press.

Bulkeley, K., & Graves, M. (2018). Using the LIWC program to study dreams. Dreaming, 28(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000071.

Bulkeley, Kelly. (2008). American dreamers. Beacon Press.

Bulkeley, Kelly. (2016). Big dreams. Oxford University Press.

Bulkeley, Kelly, & Schredl, M. (2019). Dream sharing frequency: Associations with sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward dreams in an American sample. Dreaming, 29(3), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000107.

Cartwright, R. D., Lloyd, S., Knight, S., & Trenholme, I. (1984). Broken dreams: A study of the effects of divorce and depression on dream content. Psychiatry, 47(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1984.11024246.

Carvalho, D. S., Calli, C., Freitas, A., & Curry, E. (2014). EasyESA: A low-effort infrastructure for explicit semantic analysis. SEMWEB.

Cerulo, K. A., & Duane, J. M. (2022). Dreams of a lifetime. Princeton University Press.

Cerulo, K. A., & Ruane, J. M. (2021). Future imaginings: Public and personal culture, social location, and the shaping of dreams. Sociological Forum, 36(S1), 1345–1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12765.

Chalmers, D. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2(3), 200—21.

Chandler, D. (2022). Semiotics for beginners. http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/.

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Childers, C., & Boatwright, B. (2021). Do digital natives recognize digital influence? Generational differences and understanding of social media influencers. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 42(4), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2020.1830893.

Cowley, B., Charles, D., Black, M., & Hickey, R. (2008). Toward an understanding of flow in video games. Computers in Entertainment, 6(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/1371216.1371223.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology. Springer.

Dalai Lama (14th). (2005). The universe in a single atom. Harmony.

David Webb. (2010, December 16). Orson Welles - War of the worlds - Radio broadcast 1938 - Complete broadcast [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs0K4ApWl4g.

de Lenne, O., Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S., Karsay, K., & Trekels, J. (2020). Picture-perfect lives on social media: A cross-national study on the role of media ideals in adolescent well-being. Media Psychology, 23(1), 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1554494.

de Macêdo, T. C. F., Ferreira, G. H., de Almondes, K. M., Kirov, R., & Mota-Rolim, S. A. (2019). My dream, my rules: Can lucid dreaming treat nightmares? Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02618.

Debord, G. (2021). The society of the spectacle. Unredacted Word.

Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. University of Minnesota Press.

The Dictionary of obscure sorrows. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.dictionaryofobscuresorrows.com/.

Domhoff, G. W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams. A quantitative approach. Springer Science+Business Media.

Domhoff, G. William, & Schneider, A. (2008). Studying dream content using the archive and search engine on DreamBank.net. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(4), 1238–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.010.

Domhoff, G.W. (2002). Using content analysis to study dreams: Applications and implications for the humanities. In K. Bulkeley (Ed.), Dreams: A reader on religious, cultural, and psychological dimensions of dreaming (pp. 307—319). Palgrave.

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